Y.A. Young adult a chi? – Il sogno di Anna-

Partiamo dalle definizioni, così per semplificare il discorso: Young adult, nuova etichetta sociologico-editoriale per definire quella fascia di lettori che si collocano tra l’età dell’ infanzia e quella adulta, in quel “in-between” dell’adolescenza, l’età di mezzo, la terra del né carne né pesce, dell’indefinitezza e dell’irrequietudine. Almeno, così ce lo prefiguravamo prima che la fucina anglosassone coniasse il neologismo young adult, cioè letteralmente giovane adulto, che ha sostituito il nostro vivace “adolescente” che con la sfumatura incoativa rendeva più efficacemente questa idea dell’eterno movimento dei giovani (quasi sempre mai) adulti. Lì invece a diciott’anni fuori di caso e pertanto young adult , giovani adulti e voraci lettori di libri a loro appositamente dedicati e confezionati.

Nati sulla scia del romanzo di formazione, di cui conservano solo un blando canovaccio, questi romanzi si articolano principalmente su tre tematiche:  sentimenti fortemente edulcorati, storie strappalacrime e amori contrastati. Le ambientazioni possono variare: da quella familiare a realtà distopiche o vampiresche al più rodato genere fantasy. Mi è sembrato interessante effettuare una sorta di ricerca sul campo e chiedere ai diretti interessati quali fossero le letture preferite e sondare le possibili motivazioni a monte di tale scelta.

 

Da docente sono stata enormemente facilitata e ho sottoposto i miei alunni ad un piccolo test: sono venuti fuori dei titoli, ricorrenti: Colpa delle stelle Di John Green (Rizzoli 2014)   e Io prima di te (e il seguito Io dopo di te) [ci chiediamo che fine abbia fatto “Io durante te”]  di Jojo Moyes,  (Mondadori 2016 ), che per taluni sfora nel genere chick-lit, ma a mio parere più centrato sul gusto adolescenziale.

Le reazioni a questo tipo di letture sono state piuttosto emotive, com’è forse giusto e come è legittimo scopo di questo tipo di prodotti letterari. Le trame spingono molto sulla lacrima indotta: due adolescenti malati di cancro che si affezionano l’un l’altro. Lui è terminale, alla fine muore. Una ventiseienne perde il lavoro e si trova a lavorare presso una famiglia per badare ad un ragazzo che si trova sulla sedia a rotelle in seguito ad un incidente. Lui è ricco e bello e lei un po’ sfigata. Tra i due, neanche a dirlo, nasce l’amore. Si affronterà anche l’argomento eutanasia.

Mi sembra che tutta questa emotività “facile” perché ottenuta toccando le corde dell’abbandono, della fine, ma sia ben chiaro, in una prospettiva orizzontale, sia in fin dei conti un escamotage per non entrare nel mondo degli adolescenti ma per cavalcarne le ondate emozionali. Il risultato credo si possa riassumere in un’ empatia di superficie o “acatartica”, se vogliamo citare (in senso oppositivo)  l’espressione aristotelica come  cartina di tornasole per la mimesi delle emozioni così tanto preponderante nello young adult. Questa bulimia emotiva determina, come per qualsiasi tipo di sovrabbondanza, un indebolimento gnoseologico ed esperienziale, o per lo meno un’esperienza di lettura che va nella direzione opposta di quella che dovrebbe fornire un genere appositamente pensato per gli adolescenti. Se pensiamo quanto la lettura abbia un’importanza formativa in questo periodo della vita in cui si formano le impalcature non solo emotive chiaramente ma, mi si passi il termine, ideologiche, culturali, di pensiero in definitiva, la scelta di un libro piuttosto che un altro non appare così innocua e scevra di conseguenze. In altre parole, non è fornendo una tragedia prêt-à porter che si fanno dei buoni prodotti letterari. Furbi, sì e anche in area di best- seller, ma questo è ben altro discorso.

Caso vuole che io ascolti un’ottima intervista di una scrittrice che ha dato proprio recentemente alla luce un romanzo young-adult : lei è Lucia Tilde Ingrosso e il romanzo porta il titolo: Il sogno di Anna (Feltrinelli 2016).  Non scorgo né vampiri né malati terminali, né tantomeno disastri millenaristici, per cui decido di leggerlo per sconfessare la mia avversità verso il genere.

Il romanzo è incentrato su un assioma fondamentale: che l’età dell’adolescenza riservi altro che non siano lamentele e crisi; ci si può anche dedicare ad un progetto, un’idea, a coltivare le proprie ambizioni e talenti. Tutto questo mantenendo gli anfibi, i primi amori e gli scorni con i genitori. La protagonista Anna è una ragazzina di Milano che  si barcamena tra  gli impegni scolastici, una famiglia incrinata da crisi genitoriali, il “moroso”  e  una passione che germina all’improvviso grazie ad un corso di giornalismo tenuto da un simpatico e brillante professore.

Da lì in poi è un susseguirsi di situazioni che in un certo senso mettono alla prova questa passione e le permettono di agire secondo i precetti del giornalismo d’inchiesta: una piccolo giallo di paese, una torbida storia di detto e non detto e il mistero di un concorso di canto truccato. Piccole prove per una piccola aspirante giornalista che come modello di riferimento si ritrova niente poco di meno che Anna Politovskaja, nota reporter  russa attiva nel campo dei diritti umani e per i suoi reportage sulla guerra Cecenia e brutalmente uccisa per le sue posizioni politicamente scomode. Il tutto, naturalmente espresso con un linguaggio aderente all’età dei personaggi , ma senza esagerare con espressioni gergali che in questo contesto narrativo, potrebbero risultare stucchevoli e fittizi.

Questo romanzo contiene molte cose interessanti: innanzitutto non si piangono lacrime facili (vedi sopra) e poi mi sembra che abbracci una visione “performativa” per citare un  termine che nella vulgata  abbraccia un vasto campo semantico e che mi sembra utile qui circoscrivere brevemente. Le teoria del performativo parte dalla teoria linguistica di (J. Austin ) e si è espanso anche a campi della filosofia, delle teorie culturaliste, etc. In breve esso descrive in termini linguistici la differenza tra tra la dimensione constativa (enuncio, constato  e descrivo un fatto)  tipica, se vogliamo dell’adolescenze e delle derive post adolescenziali e  quella performativa, cioè del coinvolgimento personale, della parola che si performa in atto,  si presume di una personalità più adulta. Mi pare interessante da utilizzare come punto di partenza per la decodifica di una soggettività che nel romanzo è ben delineata proprio nel personaggio di Anna; lei incarna questo passaggio dell’azione o agency come direbbero ancora gli inglesi. Tradotto i termini narrativi Anna realizza, sulla scia di un grande modello, la sua aspirazione mettendola in pratica. Performa i suoi desideri  nella realtà, inverandoli in azioni ben precise e sequenziali.

L’autrice di questo libro credo abbia abbracciato in pieno questo seconda prospettiva nel creare un giovane personaggio e i fatti che compongono il suo vissuto. Anna, adolescente come tante altre, decide di “abbracciare” un’idea, di cucirsela addosso e di diventare in un certo senso il modello  di adolescente impegnata  con comportamenti concreti e fattivi

Che cosa ho imparato

Se sei coinvolto, può essere difficile raccontare le cose. Un buon giornalista è colui che sa prendere le distanze . Non ci sono tragedie più importanti di altre , morti di serie A e di serie B. “Descrivi quello che vedi,metti insieme i fatti e analizzali” Anna Politovskaja.

La performatività non si esaurisce qui. Riguarda  anche l’intento di creare un metatesto sulla scrittura giornalistica ( l’autrice è anche giornalista, mi pare utile ricordarlo) che puntella ogni fine capitolo come se fosse un taccuino di appunti del giornalista che si forma e si esercita; e poi,dalle parole del professore di giornalismo che evidentemente si fa portavoce del suo punto di vista, quando impartisce dei veri e propri consigli pratici sulla realizzazione dell’articolo di giornale dalle tecniche di comunicazione allo stile. Se  a prima vista questo approccio può apparire come una semplice semplificazione, provate a spiegare ad un’adolescente, e qui entra in campo anche la didattica, a realizzare un testo giornalistico. Tirando le somme, ne viene fuori un bel decalogo semplificato di regole fondamentali:

E’ ora il momento di parlare di uno degli elementi più insidiosi del discorso: l’aggettivo. Come diceva lo scrittore americano Mark Twain: in caso di dubbio, togliere. Un altro scrittore francese dell’Ottocento, Charles Daudet, sosteneva che gli aggettivi devono essere amanti dei sostantivi, mai coniugi legittimi.

Anche nella conclusione, che non svelo, per lasciare al giovane lettore e non solo il piacere di scoprirlo, emerge il taglio originale, secco, asciutto e propositivo al tempo stesso.Se consiglio questo libro? Certamente, per i detrattori del genere che magari si sconfessano e per gli adolescenti in cerca di cose da performare, abbandonati i piagnistei.

 

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