Donne, guerra e resistenza. Una ricerca in movimento.

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di Ivana Rinaldi

Negli anni Settanta del secolo scorso, la storiografia della Resistenza incontra la storia delle donne e  fa debuttare la memoria negli studi sulla guerra, come ci diceva Anna Bravo. In una sorta di convergenza tra campi distinti di ricerca – storia sociale – storia orale – storia di genere – l’attenzione si è concentrata sulla soggettività femminile individuando nelle donne un agente di cambiamento nel contesto delle dinamiche sociali e politiche della guerra e del dopoguerra. Si sono analizzati i singoli percorsi esistenziali in relazione al tessuto sociale di appartenenza, alla vita quotidiana, ai mutamenti di costume e di mentalità che il secondo conflitto e l’occupazione nazista hanno prodotto. Non necessariamente esse affondano le proprie radici nella dimensione politica e ideologica, ma possono anche scaturire da elementi contingenti e “privati”. Giovanni De Luna, analizzando i singoli percorsi di vita nel suo Donne in oggetto. L’antifascismo italiano (1922-1939), parla di “antifascismo esistenziale” e mostra come la scelta antifascista sia piuttosto nata da una loro diversa visione del mondo.

In un mio lontano lavoro del 1996 “ Donne e resistenza. Una rassegna bibliografica” (in Storia e problemi contemporanei, n.17, a IX, 1996), sollecitato anche dal cinquantenario della Resistenza, emergeva una gran mole di lavoro, in parte decodificato, in parte da catalogare e interpretare. Tuttavia usciva dall’ombra l’universo femminile nel contesto dell’Italia del ’43-’45 e alla luce degli studi che introducevano la categoria di resistenza civile (Sémeline in Francia, Anna Bravo e Alessandro Portelli in Italia), non necessariamente contrapposta alla resistenza armata, si è potuta individuare la presenza delle donne nel conflitto. Molte sono le partigiane riconosciute, 35.000, 2.750 vennero fucilate, solo 15 ricevettero la medaglia d’oro. Moltissime svolgono un insieme di compiti essenziali alla comunità e per la sua tutela materiale e simbolica. Poche di loro usano le armi accanto ai loro compagni, sia per una certa avversione personale, sia per i tanti tabù, gli stessi che impedirono alle donne di sfilare insieme agli uomini dopo la Liberazione. Eppure alcune rivendicarono la loro scelta di farlo, sentendosi prima patriote e poi cittadine a pieno titolo. Durante i due anni di guerra di Liberazione, donne di ogni età e di ogni ceto sociale, antifasciste, intellettuali, operaie, studentesse, volontariamente si prendono l’incarico di provvedere al trasporto di armi, munizioni, della stampa, a tenere i contatti tra le formazioni partigiane e i comandi, e si impegnano in  tutti quei lavori di cura che appartengono all’esperienza femminile: dare rifugio agli sbandati, cucinare, preparare il pane, curare i partigiani feriti, recuperare i corpi dei caduti e seppellirli.

Ci sono due raccolte di testimonianze femminili che rappresentano uno spartiacque nella ricerca. Il primo del 1976 e riedito nel 2003 con la prefazione di Anna Bravo è La Resistenza taciuta. Dodici vite di partigiane piemontesi, a cura di Anna Maria Bruzzone e Rachele Farina, il quale segna il passaggio da una memorialistica commemorativa, commossa, retorica, alla prima vera e propria raccolta di testimonianze di donne resistenti. Dalle memorie risaltano la spontaneità, il rifiuto del calcolo, la capacità di soffrire, il rispetto dei fatti e dei sentimenti: la generosità, la modestia, la pietà, confermando quello che già aveva intuito Pirenne: i sentimenti influenzano la sfera pubblica, come questa, a sua volta, la sfera privata. I gesti e i sentimenti. Le donne nella Resistenza bresciana del 1990, a cura di Luisa Passerini conferma pienamente questa intuizione. Il lavoro affidato a un gruppo di studiosi e studiose, indica un metodo e un approccio più complesso e raffinato costituito da una griglia per la raccolta delle memorie, dove la parola esperienza è posta a capo di ogni capitolo ad indicare che un nuovo soggetto sociale caratterizzato da una sua diversità entra in gioco nella sfera pubblica e narrativa.

La bibliografia è costituita da numerose tipologie di fonti: scritte, come biografie, diari, autobiografie, epistolari, e orali. Tra queste, potremmo inserire anche i romanzi, primo fra tutti L’ Agnese va a morire di Renata Viganò,  il romanzo di Rosa Mangini, La rivoluzione forse domani, di cui abbiamo parlato di recente su Bibliovorax, edito da Divergenze nel 2019. Tuttavia di qualunque fonte si avvalga, la scrittura sulla guerra e la resistenza ha bisogno di tradurre nell’ordine del discorso la rappresentazione di vissuti, interni e esterni. Nello scenario plurale della guerra il mutamento di attori e ruoli è un elemento caratterizzante come lo è l’andamento narrativo al cui centro si colloca una moltiplicazione delle immagini, in cui si snoda il rapporto tra pubblico e privato, ma anche quello che Luisa Passerini ha definito la dialettica tra eventi e simboli. Il procedere per immagini è in molti lavori di storia sociale il modo più efficace di rendere una memoria spezzata e radicata nel trauma. Con il potere della memoria ci si salva in mille modi: la sofferenza, la paura, vengono allontanate ricordando episodi di tipiche virtù e astuzie femminili: quando si offre un bicchiere di vino al nemico o improvvisando una tarantella per evitare che venga requisito il vino comprato al mercato nero. Qualche volta, è necessario allontanare dal racconto i sentimenti e tenerli sotto controllo, con la funzione di salvaguardare dal dolore risvegliato. La reticenza a dire di sé è ancor più forte, quando si tratta di parlare delle violenze subite sia ad opera dei tedeschi che dell’Esercito di liberazione. A questo proposito abbiamo un lavoro uscito di recente di Marinella Fiume, Le ciociare di Capizzi (Iacobelli editore, 2020), frutto di una lunga ricerca sia negli archivi, ma sopratutto attraverso le voci delle  nipoti di quelle donne che nella Sicilia orientale, raccontano le violenze subite dalle loro antenate, per opera dei Goumiers  (marocchini e nordafricani dell’esercito francese guidati dal generale Alphonse Juin), durante l’operazione militare denominata in codice Husky.

A 75 anni da quei tragici eventi, le giovani hanno contribuito a scavare fino in fondo, a fare “archeologia della memoria” per capire questa moderna tragedia femminile: “perché ricordare significa conoscere e capire e questa è una storia che si è ripetuta e si ripete in ogni secolo e in ogni angolo del mondo” (p.11). Proprio in questi casi la memoria e la scrittura assumono una valenza salvifica, facendo risuonare la voce perduta, producendo visioni e immagini cancellate. In questo movimento all’indietro, la memoria entra in contatto con ciò che la guerra non riesce a distruggere. Se in qualche modo possiamo leggere le singole memorie come espressione di soggettività, possiamo anche interpretarle come una voce corale secondo le indicazioni di Irina Ṧcerbakova che usa la categoria di ipertesto a proposito della deportazione nei gulag: “le memorie (dei lager) sono talmente omogenee, con qualche correzione di carattere geografico e temporale che sembrano quasi perdersi in un unico ipertesto”.

Il discorso vale per le fonti orali, diversi sono gli scritti. Tra  di essi meritano un’attenzione particolare il Diario partigiano di Ada Gobetti, Pagine dal diario di Alba de Cespedés, Dal mio diario di Sibilla Aleramo, In guerra si muore di Anna Garofalo. Tale forma di espressione era riservata per lo più alle intellettuali e antifasciste politicizzate. I pochi testi, divulgati nel dopoguerra erano giunti alla pubblicazione in base a criteri di “rilevanza e dicibilità”. Lo stesso si può dire per gli scritti posteriori: Rivoluzionaria professionale di Teresa Noce (1974) o Un nocciolo di verità di Felicita Ferrero (1978). A testimonianza del rinnovato interesse per il tema abbiamo un recente libro della giornalista inglese Caroline Moorehead, La casa in montagna. Storia di quattro partigiane, in origine The Women who liberated Italy from Fascism, edito in Italia da Bollati Boringhieri nella traduzione di Bianca Bertola e Giuliana  Oliviero. Il sottotitolo “quattro partigiane” fa riferimento a Ada Gobetti, Bianca Guidetti Serra, Silvia Pons, Frida Malan, fili portanti della narrazione. Un libro che ha il merito di far conoscere all’estero un aspetto della guerra a lungo taciuta dagli Alleati, e in Italia, di aprire nuovi sguardi narrativi e di contribuire a cambiare il modo in cui il nostro Paese ha raccontato se stesso. Allo stesso modo, ma non esente da polemiche politiche, il libro di Rossella Pace, Partigiane liberali (Rubettino, 2020).

Con un’attenta analisi di fonti private e d’archivio, l’autrice ricostruisce la partecipazione delle donne liberali alla resistenza, che si realizza nel reperimento di rifugi e di vettovaglie, in lavori di segreteria. Vengono alla luce figure come Cristina Casano che a Roma raccolse attorno a sé numerosi personaggi dell’antifascismo, Mimmina Brichetto, Maria Giulia Cardini, Marcella Ubertelli, Lelia Ricci. Molte di loro ruotano attorno all’organizzazione Franchi di Edgardo Sogno. Rossella Pace ci dice che queste donne cresciute nei salotti aristocratici scelsero di stare dalla parte della patria, senza nessun dubbio. Lo fecero per lo più con azione ascrivibili alla resistenza civile. Decisero di non prendere armi, ma di appoggiare la resistenza armata. Secondo l’autrice alla fine della guerra,  con l’emergere dei partiti di massa, le liberali finirono nel dimenticaio della Storia.

Ben vengano dunque nuovi studi e ricerche che ampliano il campo della storiografia sull’argomento. Non abbiamo bisogno di opere imbellettate, né agiografiche, né di liturgia, ma l’esigenza di ricostruire i fatti superando gli scontri del dibattito politico.

 

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